A number of scientific studies report a

A number of scientific studies report a plethora of applications of resveratrol pertaining to anti-aging activity [24,25], anti-cancer properties [26,27], cardio-protective effects [28,29], anti-diabetic properties [30,31], as well as anti-inflammatory [32,33], anti-viral [34,35] and neuro-protective effects [36,37].
Ursolic acid Ursolic atp citrate lyase was first reported to be present in cranberries [90,91] as well as in cranberry press cakes and was not given much importance due to the assumption that it was a waste product associated with cranberry juice production. Relatively little information regarding the phytochemical is currently known due to a lack of scientific research data on the compound\'s oral bioavailability. However, over the years numerous in vitro and in vivo researches have been conducted with regards to the potential health benefits of this particular phytochemical and among the reported findings are ursolic acid\'s anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities [92–94]. The compound has recently been identified to be present in apple peels [95] as well as high blue blueberries [96] and is typically present in the fruit\'s wax layer. Hence, processing methods used and the relative presence of fruit peel, stands to have an effect on the amount of ursolic acid present [91]. The importance is further substantiated in a recent research report which links the ability of apple peels to lower obesity and burn calories [97]. In light of these research findings, the health benefits associated with the consumption of apples and other fruits that are similar, which can be attributed to the presence of ursolic acid.
Conclusion
Introduction Rattan tea is a traditional Chinese herbal remedy prepared from the stems and leaves of the plant Ampelopsis grossedentata. Ampelopsin is one of the most important flavonoids found in Rattan tea. As a dihydromyricetin (DMY), ampelopsin was first isolated from Ampelopsis meliaefolia by Kotake and Kubota in 1940, and was later reported as a major bioactive component in Ampelopsis grossedentata[1]. Today, ampelopsin from Rattan tea is known for a broad range of biological functions including hypoglycemic [2], antioxidant [3,4], anti-inflammatory [5], anti-tumor [6–8], hepatoprotective [4,9], and neuroprotective effects [10].
Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects Ampelopsin in crude plant extracts has been applied to alleviate inflammatory diseases as a broad-spectrum anti-bacterial drug for several centuries. The ampelopsin extract exerts strong inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. In addition, ampelopsin is also sensitive to inhibit other pathogenic microorganisms such as Aspergillus flavus, penicillium and transport streptavidin [11]. Additionally, ampelopsin can inhibit acute or sub-acute inflammation such as croton oil-induced auricular edema or formaldehyde-induced paw edema in mice, and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, as well as abdominal capillary permeability [12]. Similarly, ampelopsin isolated from Salix sachalinensis also has a strong inhibitory effect on Cladosporium herbarum[13]. A structure–activity relationship analysis has indicated that the hydroxyl groups at 5 positions (i.e., 5, 7, 3′, 4′ and 5′) can significantly enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of ampelopsin. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α) can up-regulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thus stimulating the expression or activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in target cells. Ampelopsin has been reported to inhibit NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and reduce carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in vivo[14], which is consistent with another report that ampelopsin plays an important role not only in reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, but also in inhibiting the activity of iNOS. Moreover, ampelopsin can selectively inhibit the production of iNOS in LPS-stimulated macrophages and RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS.